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Feeding a puppy
Proper nutrition plays a key role in supporting a puppy’s growth, development, and overall health. Dogs of different sizes have different nutritional needs, and a suitable diet helps prevent growth disorders while supporting the development of bones, muscles, and the immune system.
Vitamins, trace elements, and the right fatty acids — especially Omega-3 and Omega-6 — are important for healthy growth. In addition, natural antioxidants such as polyphenols and carotenoids help protect cells and support the immune system.
Meat should be the main ingredient in a puppy’s diet, as it provides high-quality protein and essential amino acids. In many cases, a grain-free diet can also support digestion, especially for young dogs.
Small Breeds
A dog breed is generally considered small when its adult weight is under 10 kg (22 lb). Examples include the Chihuahua, Prague Ratter, Scottish Terrier, Norwich Terrier, Dachshund, and Yorkshire Terrier.
Small breed puppies grow quickly and usually reach their adult size at around one year of age. They have small stomachs and a faster metabolism, which means they need food that is rich in calories, protein, and fatty acids to support their rapid growth.
Food for small breed puppies should also have small kibble size, making it easier for them to eat.
Medium-Sized Breeds
Medium-sized dog breeds typically weigh around 10–25 kg (22–55 lb) as adults. Examples include the Airedale Terrier, Australian Cattle Dog, Border Collie, Siberian Husky, Cocker Spaniel, and Australian Kelpie.
Puppies of medium-sized breeds usually grow at a more balanced rate than small breeds. Their diet should be well balanced, as food that is too high in energy may cause excessively rapid growth. This can increase the risk of developmental problems.
Puppy food for medium-sized breeds typically contains slightly less protein and calories than food for small breeds, helping maintain controlled and healthy growth while supporting strong bones and muscles.
Large and Giant Breeds
Large dog breeds generally weigh over 25 kg (55 lb) as adults, while giant breeds may exceed 45 kg (99 lb).
Examples of large breeds include the Alaskan Malamute, German Shepherd, Doberman, Golden Retriever, and Labrador Retriever. Giant breeds include the Dogue de Bordeaux, Cane Corso, Leonberger, Mastiff, and Great Dane.
Large and giant breed puppies grow more slowly and may continue growing until 18–24 months of age.
Their diet should contain moderate levels of calories and calcium, as overly rapid growth can lead to joint and skeletal problems. Puppies of large breeds also benefit from foods containing joint-supporting nutrients such as glucosamine and chondroitin.
Vitamins and Trace Elements in Puppy Nutrition
A growing puppy requires a wide range of vitamins and trace elements.
Calcium and phosphorus
These minerals must be present in the correct balance to support bone development and prevent growth disorders. Calcium supports the development of bones and teeth, but excessive calcium intake may lead to skeletal problems. On average, a growing dog needs about 500 mg of calcium per kilogram of body weight per day. Phosphorus works together with calcium to support muscle and nervous system function.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D supports calcium absorption and is essential for healthy bone and tooth development. However, excessive vitamin D can lead to harmful calcium deposits in tissues.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A supports vision, immune system development, and the health of skin and mucous membranes. It also plays a role in the healthy development of soft tissues and bones.
B Vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12)
B vitamins are essential for energy metabolism, nervous system function, and red blood cell production. They also help maintain healthy skin and coat condition, which is particularly important for long-haired breeds.
For example, vitamin B1 (thiamine) supports energy production from carbohydrates, while vitamin B6 contributes to red blood cell formation.
Vitamin E
As an antioxidant, vitamin E helps protect cells from oxidative damage and supports immune system function. It is also important for muscle and nervous system health.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C supports the immune system and also acts as an antioxidant. For growing puppies, it may help strengthen resistance and support the body’s ability to manage inflammation.
Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA)
DHA is particularly important for brain development and learning ability. Fish — especially fatty fish such as salmon or herring — is a rich source of DHA.
EPA helps support joint health and reduce inflammation. Together, these fatty acids contribute to healthy cognitive development and learning ability in puppies.
Omega-6 fatty acids
Omega-6 fatty acids support healthy skin and coat while also providing additional energy, which is important for actively growing puppies. They also support tissue repair and healing.
Natural Antioxidants: Polyphenols and Carotenoids
Antioxidants help protect the cells of a growing puppy and support overall health.
Polyphenols
Polyphenols are plant-derived antioxidants that may support immune system function and help prevent cellular damage. They are commonly found in berries and other plant sources.
In a dog’s diet, polyphenols may help reduce inflammation and protect cells from oxidative stress.
Carotenoids
Carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lutein are natural pigments that also act as antioxidants.
Beta-carotene can be converted into vitamin A in the body, supporting vision, skin health, and immune function. Lutein is particularly beneficial for eye health and may help protect against age-related changes.
The Role of Meat in a Puppy’s Diet
Meat should be the primary ingredient in a puppy’s diet because it provides high-quality protein and essential amino acids.
These nutrients support the development of muscles, bones, and body tissues. Ideally, puppy food should contain around 50–70% meat, ensuring the puppy receives enough protein and amino acids for healthy growth.
High-quality meat also provides natural minerals and vitamins that support overall health.
The Role of Grains in Dog Nutrition
Grains such as wheat and corn are not always ideal for dogs, as the canine digestive system is not naturally adapted to process large amounts of carbohydrates.
Some dogs tolerate gluten-free grains, such as rice or oats, reasonably well. However, grain-free diets can reduce the risk of digestive problems and food sensitivities.
For this reason, many breeders prefer grain-free diets, particularly for young dogs.
How to Choose the Right Puppy Food
Here are a few tips for selecting suitable food for your puppy:
1. Check the nutritional content
A good dry food should list high-quality meat as the main ingredient*. Look for products containing at least 30% protein and around 15–20% fat.
2. Choose food based on breed size
Breed size matters because small and large breeds grow at different rates. High-quality dog food manufacturers often offer separate formulas for small, medium, and large breed puppies.
3. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids
Fatty acids such as DHA are important for brain and eye development. Choose food that contains these nutrients from fish and/or flaxseed.
4. Vitamins and minerals
A growing puppy needs calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, and other vitamins and minerals to support healthy development.
5. Avoid unnecessary additives
Choose foods that do not contain artificial additives, colorants, or inexpensive fillers such as corn or wheat, which may cause digestive issues in sensitive dogs.
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